Feet

Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction(PTTD)

Causes:
Overuse of the posterior tibial tendon, often due to activities that involve the tendon, such as running, walking, hiking, or climbing stairs.
Symptoms:
Pain, swelling, a flattening of the arch, and an inward rolling of the ankle. As it becomes more advanced, the arch flattens even more and the pain often shifts to the outside of the foot, below the ankle.
Treatment:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ankle brace, short-leg cast or boot

Plantar Fasciitis

Causes:
Stretching of the tight bands of the plantar fascia which result in micro tears as they extend from the heel. Sudden weight gain.
Symptoms:
Pain at the bottom of the heel. It is usually felt on the first step out of bed in the morning or when walking again after resting from walking or running. However, pain can, if it persists, be felt any time you are walking, running, or jumping.
Treatment:
Taping, calf and plantar fascia stretches (with ample warm-up prior), massage, sports cream, night splint.

Metatarsalgia

Causes:
Excessive contact with the ground when running. Improper contact with the ground can break down the bone and irritate the metatarsals.
Symptoms:
Stabbing pain in the arch of feet, pain in ball of feet, pain when flexing feet, numbness or tingling in the toes.
Treatment:
Rest, ice, compression, gradual reintroduction of strengthening and stretching exercises, replacing pain-causing activity such as running with cycling or swimming.

Heel Fat Pad Syndrome

Causes:
Overuse or strain from running, Walking or running on hard surfaces, Plantar fasciitis
Symptoms:
Bruising sensation in the heel, pain when walking on hard surfaces, tenderness when pressing on heel
Treatment:
Stabilizing the heel through tape, heel cups, padding, massages.

$stress fracture pain area$

Stress fractures

Causes:
Working too intensely before the body gets used to the new activity.Repetitive trauma and is commonly seen in athletes, particularly long-distance runners.
Symptoms:
Pain can be found in the shin bone, foot, heel, hip and lower back. A sharp pain that worsens with activity and improves with rest. Tenderness, swelling in area of fracture.
Treatment:
Rest while the bone heals and changing your activity level to prevent another injury.

Morton's neuroma

Causes:
The tissue around a nerve that leads to one of the toes thickens from irritation or compression, usually due to too-tight or high-heeled shoes.
Symptoms:
A feeling as if you're standing on a pebble in your shoe, burning pain in the ball of your foot that may radiate into your toes, tingling or numbness in your toes
Treatment:
Changing your footwear and modifying activities that may cause stress to your foot.

Ankles

Ankle Tendonitis

Causes:
Excessive use, ramping up your mileage too quickly, improper running form, bad footwear, low arches, flat feet, and tight calf muscles.
Symptoms:
When irritated, you might feel swelling, warmth, or redness along the inside of your ankle that worsens after, Pain when running.
Treatment:
antiinflammatory medication, ice baths, muscle strengthening exercises, stretches to increase flexibility in the ankle.

Achilles Tendinopathy

Causes:
Overpronation, weak calf muscles and a reduced range of upward flexion.
Symptoms:
pain in the achilles tendon, increased stiffness and swelling around the ankle and achilles.
Treatment:
reducing activity, RICE, recover range of movement through stretches targeting calf muscles, regaining strength in the calf.